Provoking a silent R gene in wheat genome confers resistance to powdery mildew

Common wheat (Triticum aestivum. L) is one of the most widely cultivated staple crops in the world (Tadesse et al., 2019), and it has been always important to breed pathogen-resistant varieties for safeguarding its production (Singh et al., 2016). However, common wheat genetic diversity has been narrowed throughout its entire existence due to two sequential polyploidization events followed by domestication (IWGSC, 2014), therefore profoundly limiting its improvement like pathogen resistance. Here, we provide an alternative route to increase the genetic diversity toward future wheat breeding by exploiting the silent genetic loci hidden in the wheat genome. Powdery mildew, caused by the fungus Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt), is a severe foliar disease of wheat causing reduction in grain yield and quality (Savary et al., 2019). Host resistance is widely considered the first and most effective barrier of defence that prevents the invasion of the pathogen (Wu et al., 2021). We previously isolated the powdery mildew resistance gene Pm41 (hereof Pm41a), which encodes a typical coiled-coil, nucleotidebinding site, and leucine-rich repeat protein (CNL) fromwild emmer wheat (WEW, Triticum dicoccoides) accession ‘IW2’ (Li et al., 2020). Moreover, three Pm41 haplotypes including Hap1 (Pm41a, ‘IW2’), Hap2 (‘Langdon’, LDN’), and Hap3 (null, ‘Chinese Spring’) were identified in diversified worldwide wheat collection with a Pm41a gene-specific markerWGGB427. To further characterize the natural diversity of Pm41, the entire locus of Pm41 was amplified with overlapping gene-specific primers (Table S1) in a representative diversified panel including 131 WEW, 38 durum wheat (T. durum Desf.), and 31 common wheat (Table S2), resulting in the identification of seven haplotypes (Figure 1a). Pm41a, Hap2, Hap3, and four new haplotypes (Hap4 to Hap7) were identified in the WEW populations (Figures 1b and S1). In contrast, only three haplotypes (Hap2, Hap3, and Hap7) exist in durum and hexaploid wheat populations, suggesting loss of genetic diversity of the Pm41 locus due to domestication and polyploidization bottleneck. Hap2 (hereof Pm41b) only accounts for 5% of the WEW but was predominant in those tested accessions of durum (90%) and hexaploid (90%) wheats (Figure 1b and Table S2). Detailed analysis showed that Pm41b contains an intact Pm41a allelic coding region sequence (Figure S1) but carries two DNA transposons inserted in the promoter and 30UTR regions (Figures 1c and S2). Different from the Pm41a allele, which is resistant and well-induced upon Bgt isolate E09 inoculation in the highly resistant WEW accession ‘IW2’ (Figure 1d–f; Li et al., 2020), Pm41b shows no expression before or after Bgt isolate E09 inoculation in the highly susceptible tetraploid durum wheat cultivar ‘LDN’ (Figure 1d–f). Furthermore, a similar result was obtained in the susceptible common wheat cultivar ‘Fielder’ (Figure 1f) carrying the same Pm41b allele as ‘LDN’ (Table S2), suggesting that Pm41b, as well as other Pm41 haplotypes (Figure S2), are silenced alleles of Pm41a, probably due to the transposon insertions and represent unexploited hidden variations for powdery mildew resistance in modern wheat breeding. To further explore the functionality of Pm41b in vivo, as well as its possibility of application in wheat breeding, we therefore generated two types of transgenic wheat plants (Ishida et al., 2015) carrying Pm41b driven either by the Pm41a promoter or by the constitutively expressing promoter of ubiquitin from maize (Zea mays L.) (Figure 1g). The T0 and T1 seedlings from both types of transgenic plants were challenged with Bgt isolate E09. The transgenic plants carrying the ubiquitindriven Pm41b gene were immune to isolate E09 with infection types (ITs) of 0 (immune) 0; (necrotic fleck) (Figures 1h, S3 and Table S3), while the other transgenic plants carrying Pm41b driven by the native promoter of Pm41a were resistant to isolate E09 with IT of 1 (highly resistant) (Figure 1i and Table S3). Moreover, co-segregation of the Pm41b transgene with powdery mildew resistance was observed in the T2 segregating progenies (Table S3), supporting the functionality of Pm41b in powdery mildew resistance. The transcript level of Pm41b in the transgenic plants carrying the ubiquitin-driven Pm41b gene is about three folds higher than that in the transgenic plants carrying Pm41b driven by the Pm41a native promoter (Figure 1j), in correlation to their resistance, suggesting Pm41b may function in a dosagedependent way. In addition, the increased powdery mildew resistance of Pm41b-OE and Pm41-COM transgenic plants did

Common wheat (Triticum aestivum. L) is one of the most widely cultivated staple crops in the world (Tadesse et al., 2019), and it has been always important to breed pathogen-resistant varieties for safeguarding its production (Singh et al., 2016). However, common wheat genetic diversity has been narrowed throughout its entire existence due to two sequential polyploidization events followed by domestication (IWGSC, 2014), therefore profoundly limiting its improvement like pathogen resistance. Here, we provide an alternative route to increase the genetic diversity toward future wheat breeding by exploiting the silent genetic loci hidden in the wheat genome.
Powdery mildew, caused by the fungus Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt), is a severe foliar disease of wheat causing reduction in grain yield and quality (Savary et al., 2019). Host resistance is widely considered the first and most effective barrier of defence that prevents the invasion of the pathogen (Wu et al., 2021). We previously isolated the powdery mildew resistance gene Pm41 (hereof Pm41a), which encodes a typical coiled-coil, nucleotidebinding site, and leucine-rich repeat protein (CNL) from wild emmer wheat (WEW, Triticum dicoccoides) accession 'IW2' (Li et al., 2020). Moreover, three Pm41 haplotypes including Hap1 (Pm41a, 'IW2'), Hap2 ('Langdon', LDN'), and Hap3 (null, 'Chinese Spring') were identified in diversified worldwide wheat collection with a Pm41a gene-specific marker WGGB427. To further characterize the natural diversity of Pm41, the entire locus of Pm41 was amplified with overlapping gene-specific primers (Table S1) in a representative diversified panel including 131 WEW, 38 durum wheat (T. durum Desf.), and 31 common wheat (Table S2), resulting in the identification of seven haplotypes ( Figure 1a). Pm41a, Hap2, Hap3, and four new haplotypes (Hap4 to Hap7) were identified in the WEW populations (Figures 1b and S1). In contrast, only three haplotypes (Hap2, Hap3, and Hap7) exist in durum and hexaploid wheat populations, suggesting loss of genetic diversity of the Pm41 locus due to domestication and polyploidization bottleneck. Hap2 (hereof Pm41b) only accounts for 5% of the WEW but was predominant in those tested accessions of durum (90%) and hexaploid (90%) wheats (Figure 1b and Table S2). Detailed analysis showed that Pm41b contains an intact Pm41a allelic coding region sequence ( Figure S1) but carries two DNA transposons inserted in the promoter and 3 0 -UTR regions (Figures 1c and S2). Different from the Pm41a allele, which is resistant and well-induced upon Bgt isolate E09 inoculation in the highly resistant WEW accession 'IW2' ( (Table S2), suggesting that Pm41b, as well as other Pm41 haplotypes ( Figure S2), are silenced alleles of Pm41a, probably due to the transposon insertions and represent unexploited hidden variations for powdery mildew resistance in modern wheat breeding.
To further explore the functionality of Pm41b in vivo, as well as its possibility of application in wheat breeding, we therefore generated two types of transgenic wheat plants (Ishida et al., 2015) carrying Pm41b driven either by the Pm41a promoter or by the constitutively expressing promoter of ubiquitin from maize (Zea mays L.) (Figure 1g). The T 0 and T 1 seedlings from both types of transgenic plants were challenged with Bgt isolate E09. The transgenic plants carrying the ubiquitindriven Pm41b gene were immune to isolate E09 with infection types (ITs) of 0 (immune) -0; (necrotic fleck) (Figures 1h, S3 and  Table S3), while the other transgenic plants carrying Pm41b driven by the native promoter of Pm41a were resistant to isolate E09 with IT of 1 (highly resistant) (Figure 1i and Table S3). Moreover, co-segregation of the Pm41b transgene with powdery mildew resistance was observed in the T 2 segregating progenies (Table S3), supporting the functionality of Pm41b in powdery mildew resistance. The transcript level of Pm41b in the transgenic plants carrying the ubiquitin-driven Pm41b gene is about three folds higher than that in the transgenic plants carrying Pm41b driven by the Pm41a native promoter (Figure 1j), in correlation to their resistance, suggesting Pm41b may function in a dosagedependent way. In addition, the increased powdery mildew resistance of Pm41b-OE and Pm41-COM transgenic plants did ---+ + + + + + + + +

Pm41b-COM1 Pm41b-COM2 Pm41b-COM3
---+ + + + + + + + +  not impact on major agronomic traits ( Figure S4). The abovementioned results imply that the silent genetic loci like Pm41b are a valuable resource of genetic variation in the wheat genome and therefore could be potentially utilized to enrich the genetic diversity in wheat breeding.
The genomes of wheat, as well as other crops, contain a large proportion of inactive or silenced genetic loci, many of which are related to the key agronomic traits and stress resistance and would enormously contribute to the pool of genetic variation if properly modulated. For instance, about 84% of wheat genome are transposon elements (IWGSC, 2014), exhibiting the significance of provoking those silenced loci due to interference by the transposon elements. In this study, we examined this idea by provoking a silent Pm41b with a functional Pm41a promoter, which surprisingly conferred sound powdery mildew resistance in hexaploid wheat. Our work sheds a light on how to wake up and make use of those 'sleeping beauties' in the wheat genome. It provides an intriguing approach to exploit genetic diversity, which is extremely narrowing and being a barrier of crop improvement in modern cultivars. The emergence of precise genome editing tools will offer more efficient approaches to directly modulate these silent but useful loci in modern cultivars and booster the modern crop breeding for food sustainability.

Supporting information
Additional supporting information may be found online in the Supporting Information section at the end of the article.